Nai Talim

1 SLD07. 20. 08 16th Ordinary Emory Presbyterian Church Romans 8:5-6, 12-17 Jill Oglesby Evans â€Å"Mahatma Gandhi: My Life Is My Message† Have you ever seen the bumper sticker or t-shirt slogan, â€Å"Peace, like war, must be waged? † Whatever else might be said about this morning’s saint, Mahatma Gandhi, who could argue but that the man dedicated his entire life to waging peace, in his heart, in his home, in his country, and in the world.And if you think that waging peace is somehow more passive than waging war, you may want to know that, for all his abhorrence of violence as a means to an end, yet Gandhi insisted that the non-violent activist, like any soldier, has to be ready to die for the cause. Indeed, during India’s decades long struggle for independence, thousands of Indians were killed by the British. The difference was that the non-violent activist, while willing to die, was never willing to kill. 1 [Sound like anybody else we know? ] In Gandhi ’s view, there are three possible responses to oppression and injustice.One he viewed as the coward’s way – to accept the wrong or run from it. The second was to stand and fight by force of arms, which, in his view, is better than accepting or running from the wrong. But the third way – to stand and fight solely by non-violent means – required the most courage and was best of all. Born Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi in 1869, to a well-placed family in presentday Gujarat, Western India, Mahatma Gandhi grew up with a devout mother and the Jain traditions of the region, absorbing influences that would eventually play an 1 www. mkgandhi. rg/faq/q14. htm. S ource: M ahatma Gandhiand His M yths, by M ark S hephard. 2 important role in his adult life, including compassion to all sentient, or feeling, beings, vegetarianism, fasting for self-purification, and mutual tolerance between individuals of different creeds. 2 When he was only 13, Mohandas was married 1 4-year old Kasturbai in an arranged child marriage, as was the custom in the region. The couple’s first child, born when Gandhi was 15, only survived a few days, though Mohandas and Kasturbai were to have four more children, all sons.Despite his early marriage, Gandhi continued his education through middle and high school, and eventually to college to become a lawyer, a profession that frankly held more interest to his family than to him. In 1888, he traveled to London to study law and there crossed paths with members of the Theosophical Society, an organization founded a decade or so before for the purpose of furthering universal brotherhood. Not having shown a particular interest in religion before, Gandhi began reading works of and about Hinduism, Christianity, Buddhism, Islam and other religions.Subsequently, Gandhi returned to India to practice law in India, but limited success there prompted him to accept a year-long contract with an Indian firm in South Africa. The fir st photo on your bulletin covers shows Gandhi as an attorney in South Africa in 1895. In South Africa Gandhi achieved greater success in his profession, but he also found there the most flagrant discrimination against himself as an Indian. After refusing to move from first class to a third class when he held a valid first class ticket, he was physically thrown off the train.Traveling further by stagecoach, he was beaten by a driver for refusing to travel on the footboard to make room for a European passenger. 2 For thisand the following biographicalinformation, see http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/M ahatmas_Gandhi 3 Another time, a magistrate ordered him to remove his turban in court, which he refused to do. These incidents comprised a turning point in Gandhi’s life, awakening him to contemporary social injustice and prompting his passionate social activism.Prompted by a bill denying Indians the right to vote, Gandhi found himself becoming politically active, organizing the Ind ian community into a homogenous political force. Having experienced firsthand the racism, prejudice and injustice against Indians in South Africa, and witnessing the compromise that came through peaceful protest, Gandhi began to question his own people’s status within the British Empire, as well as his personal role in his society. In 1915, Gandhi returned to India desiring to be introduced to the issues, politics and people of his native country.One of his first major achievements came in 1918 when he intervened on behalf of the villages of Champaran. The people there, suppressed by the militias of British landlords, lived in extreme poverty. Yet the British still levied an additional oppressive tax which they continually increased despite the peoples’ desperate conditions. In response, Gandhi organized a detailed study and survey of the villages, accounting for the atrocities and terrible episodes of suffering amongst the people.Enlisting the help of villagers, he be gan leading a clean-up of the villages, including the building of schools and hospitals, and the training of village leadership. †¦ Until he was arrested for creating unrest. At which point, hundreds of thousands of people protested and demanded his release, which the court reluctantly granted. Finally, under Gandhi’s leadership, the landlords signed an agreement 4 granting the poor farmers of the region more compensation and control over their farming.It was during this agitation that the village people began to address Gandhi as Bapu, which means â€Å"Father,† and Mahatma, an honorary title meaning â€Å"Great Soul. † The monikers spread, as did Gandhi’s reputation for strength in resistance against injustice. Yet Gandhi’s strength throughout his and India’s struggle against the British came, not from armed weapons but from the tactics of non-cooperation, non-violence, and peaceful resistance. To Gandhi, all violence was evil and cou ld not be justified, no matter which side, the â€Å"enemy’s† or his own, perpetuated it.Regardless of how incendiary the acts of the British or their Raj, nevertheless Gandhi consistently decried any violent retaliatory actions on the part of the Indians. Being assertive and on the offensive? Yes, even aggressively so, through civil disobedience and non-cooperation. â€Å"Satyagraha† was the term Gandhi used for non-violent action, which in his mind was â€Å"a way of life based on love and compassion. †3 Asks one author, Mark Shepherd, who wrote a publication called Gandhi and His Myths, â€Å"why did Gandhi employ this approach? Was he just trying to fill the jails? To overwhelm and embarrass his captors?Make them ‘give in’ through force of numbers? Not at all,† says Shepherd. â€Å"He just wanted to make a statement. He wanted to say, ‘I care so deeply about this matter that I am willing to take on the legal penalties, to si t in this prison cell, to sacrifice my freedom, in order to show you how deeply I care. Because when you see the depth of my concern, and how ‘civil’ I am in going about this, you’re bound to change your mind about me, to abandon your rigid, unjust position, and let me help you see the truth of my cause. ’ In other words, says the author, Gandhi’s 3 www. mkgandhi. org/faq/q17. htm method aimed to win not by overwhelming, but by converting his opponent, by bring about a ‘change of heart. ’†4 â€Å"Sound naive? † asks Shepherd. â€Å"Well, it is,† he says. â€Å"To my knowledge, no civil disobedience campaign of Gandhi’s ever succeeded chiefly through a change of heart in his opponents. Rather, here’s what happened: Gandhi and his followers break a law politely. Public leaders have them arrested, tried and put in prison. Gandhi and his followers cheerfully accept it all. Members of the public are impress ed by the protest and public sympathy is aroused for the protesters and their cause.Members of the public put pressure on the leaders to negotiate with Gandhi. As cycles of civil disobedience recur, public pressure grows stronger. Finally, public leaders give into pressure from their constituency and negotiate with Gandhi. †¦ There are variations on this theme in Gandhi’s campaigns but generally speaking, his most decisive influence on his opponents was more indirect than direct. †5 Lest you imagine that Gandhi held the law in disregard, hear his rules for civil disobedience: Only people with a high regard for the law were qualified for civil disobedience.Only specific, unjust laws were to be broken. No direct or physical coercion was allowed. Hostile language was banned. Destroying property was forbidden. Civil disobedience in the form of the thoughtful, peaceful, and intentional breaking of unjust laws, and non-cooperation in the form of strikes, economic boycott s and tax refusals – this was how Gandhi believed India could gain complete individual, spiritual and political independence from the British. â€Å"No government can exist for a 4 Ibid. 5 Ibid. 6 single moment without the cooperation of the people, willing or forced,† said Gandhi. And if people suddenly withdraw their cooperation in every detail, the government will come to a standstill. † And so it did. To start the ball rolling, Gandhi reorganized the Indian National Congress, oversaw the writing of a new constitution, and set about improving the discipline and effectiveness of his people. He expanded his non-violent platform to include the swadeshi policy – the boycott of foreign-made goods, especially British goods. Linked to this was his advocacy that homespun cloth (khadi) be worn by all Indians instead of British-made textiles.He exhorted Indian men and women, rich or poor, to spend time each day spinning this homespun cloth, as he did, himself, a strategy intended both to inculcate discipline and dedication in the masses, and to include women in the movement. In addition to boycotting British products, Gandhi urged the people to boycott British educational institutions, to resign from government employment, and to forsake British titles and honors. Gandhi’s non-cooperation program enjoyed wide-spread appeal and success, increasing excitement and participation from all strata of Indian society.However, just as it was reaching its apex, Gandhi ended it abruptly because of a violent clash in the state of Uttar Pradesh in 1922. Fearing that his movement was about to take a turn towards violence that would be the undoing of all his work, Gandhi called off his campaign of mass civil disobedience. He was arrested on March 10, 1922 and sentenced to six years of imprisonment, of which he served two. 7 For the following decade Gandhi stayed out of active politics, focusing most of his attention on expanding initiatives against untouchability, alcoholism, ignorance and poverty.In 1928, however, when the British government appointed a new constitutional reform commission that did not include any Indians, Gandhi returned to public debate, leading Congress to call the British either to grant India dominion status or face a new campaign of non-cooperation with complete independence as its goal. The British did not respond. On December 31, 1929, the Indian flag was raised in Lahore. Two months later Gandhi launched his famous 248 mile â€Å"Salt March† to the sea for Indians to make their own salt, instead of purchasing it from Britain.Thousands of Indians joined in the march. The British responded by imprisoning over 60,000 people. Due to political pressure, however, within a year, the British government decided to negotiate with Gandhi. In return for the suspension of the civil disobedience movement, they agreed to set all political prisoners free. Unfortunately no real transfer of power took place. Wh en World War II broke out, Gandhi and his supporters made it clear through their most forceful movement yet, called Quit India, that they would not support the war effort unless India were granted immediate independence.Gandhi and the entire Congress Working Committee were arrested in Bombay in 1942 and held for two years. Because of his failing health, he was released before the end of the war. At the end of the war, the British vowed to transfer power to Indian hands. Gandhi called off the struggle and 100,000 political prisoners were released. 8 Over the next two years, many debates occurred related to the nature of the freedom of India and its partition into Muslim and Hindu-majority states.Gandhi was vehemently opposed to any plan that partitioned India into two separate countries, although he finally assented, and devoted himself to keeping the Indian warring parties at peace. Still, on January 30, 1948, Gandhi was shot and killed by a Hindu radical whose extremist organizatio n held him responsible for weakening India by insisting upon a political payment to the newly formed nation of Pakistan. Although Mahatma Gandhi was not the originator of the principle of non-violence, he was the first to apply it in the political field on a huge scale.Important leaders strongly influenced by Gandhi’s approach to political activism include Afro-American Martin Luther King,Jr. , Euro-American Albert Einstein and Mexican American Cesar Chavez, South Africans Nelson Mandela, Steven Biko and Desmond Tutu, the prime minister-elect of Burma/Myanmar, Aung San Suu Kyi, Pakistani Muslim peacemaker Khan Abdul Ghaffar Khan, the Tibetan Dalai Lama, and British-born devotee and activist, Madeleine Slade, also known as Mirabehn. Gandhi’s developed principles of discipline, non-violence and passionate concern for the greater good echo loudly across many faiths.In 1955 Martin Luther King, Jr. remarked, â€Å"Christ gave us the goals, and Mahatma Gandhi, the tactics. † You know, there’s an irony to trying to distill the story, teaching and example of a soul as great as Gandhi’s (or any other saint’s, for that matter) into a single sermon on a single Sunday morning in one particular American protestant church. But if our aim is to 9 look for proof that the gospel can, indeed, be lived, then in my view, it’s nevertheless important to make a stab at exploring the many diverse ways it is.The God that you and I worship and seek to know is sovereign over all creation, over all humanity, over all that is good and life-giving, indeed, over all that is. That’s what the Apostle Paul believed when he preached to the seekers in Rome about the importance of setting their minds on the things of the Spirit. To set the mind on the flesh is death, he told them, but to set the mind on the Spirit is life and peace. And all who are led by the Spirit of God, said Paul, are children of God. (Ro 8:5-6,14) If we imagine that the re is only one way to led by the Spirit of God, we limit God.If we imagine there is only one way God’s Spirit can lead us, we limit ourselves. So if each Sunday we can’t quite fully capture or communicate the depth and breadth or ambiguities of the lives of our summer saints, yet perhaps our imaginations are stretched enough beyond the usual boundaries of our daily lives and faith, that we might even wonder ourselves in what boundary-breaking ways God’s Spirit might be trying to lead us. After all, â€Å"what is faith worth if it is not translated into action? † asks Gandhi. And that’s a good question. To the glory of God. Amen.

Labelling Theory A Program for Dealing with Crime

Labels are everywhere. Whether conscious or subconsciously, they are a fundamental part of our lives. We label together foods, clothing, colours and things that are alike. But what happens when we expand this form of â€Å"labelling† to split up types of people? When we assume character traits about those who belong to a certain group, this can intensely affect the way many react in life. Those who are judged for their sexual orientation, gender, income, mental problems etc., may eventually begin to conform to a stereotype that they belong to. In turn, this stereotyping may be the reason for certain people to partake in deviance acts. Labelling theory takes a micro and consensualist approach. At times, it can also be considered conflictual due to the fact that it may affect others but for the most part it relies on the question: why do people offend? This theory was created to help others understand that many of those who offend, may be living through a self-fulfilling prophecy in which their behaviour and identity may be influenced by the labels they adhere to. This theory states that deviance is not about the act, but the negative labels minorities or those who are seen as deviant from a standard cultural viewpoint. It also coincides with social-construction and symbolic interactionism analysis. In this essay, I will argue how labelling theory, developed by Howard Becker, can affect someone’s probability to acting deviant because of the labelling group they conform to. I willShow MoreRelatedAn Expert Testifying Against The Imposition Of A Future Indicator Of Crime1293 Words   |  6 Pagesfamilies could be in need of money or not care about the welfare of the child and the state could use the children to their own benefit. A few reasons why this predictor should not be implemented are as followed. According to Karl Marx’s Social Conflict theory, social order is maintained by the elite, causing the lower class to be pushed down the social ladder (Williams, 2012, pp. 443-456). Those in society that have the most resources use their power over those they do not deem equal. The focus is on socialRead MoreWhy Minorities Are Being Treated As Criminals By Police And The Justice System Based On Ethnic Background1528 Words   |  7 Pages23% of incarcerated offenders and Black people being 9% (Griffiths Murdoch, 2014). The critical analysis of crime and criminal justice as social constructs uphold social, racial, political and economic inequalities. The injurious behaviours of the poor and racial minorities are more likely to be depicted as criminals rather than the actions of the rich and powerful. Using pluralist theories, this essay will examine how minorities are being treated as criminals by police and the justice system basedRead MoreThe Contribution Of Criminological Th eory2187 Words   |  9 Pagestwo or more of the theories covered in this module, critically assess the contribution that criminological theory could make to our understanding of an issue of crime, justice or punishment. The way in which a society criminalises a persons actions has been, and still is, and heavily debated topic. From pre-enlightenment; where by crimes were seen as action against the natural order, to a more modern stance that the notion of crime in itself is socially constructed. Crime is widely defined asRead MoreCrime Is A Socially Constructed Phenomenon1547 Words   |  7 PagesCrime is a socially constructed phenomenon. It is not static but dynamic and is defined into existence. It changes over time and place. For example, early definitions of crime such as classicism defined individuals as rational, free and responsible for their own actions. The emergence of positivism was an attempt to bring scientific methodology to criminology. Positivists believe in objectively quantifying cause and effect. In the early twentieth century a sociological lens was applied. FunctionalistRead MoreThe Theory Of Deviant Behavior1608 Words   |  7 Pagesthe strength of social bonds. The Control Theory is the criminological theory, which is mostly driven by classicist beliefs, similar in the freedom of choice, and the ability to stop ourselves from committing a crime. It is a theory of why individual’s do not commit the crime? (Hirschi,1969) The theory was popular in the 1950’s/1960’s, as this was a new way of thinking since other theorists were interested, why do people commit a crime? and the control theory begins to explain the social controls/bondsRead MoreStrategy Behind Public Shaming : Shame1951 Words   |  8 Pagesdone with the hopes that possible future crimes won’t be committed nor will the offender reoffend. Origins of Public Shaming: Public shaming is an old but newly modified technique that has resurfaced in the battle to deter those from perpetrating criminal and deviant acts. Whilst now days it is unacceptable to physically punish an individual in a public area, a new, modern way has been created in an attempt to bring back public shaming as a way of dealing with criminals. The key strategy has stayedRead More Is Restorative Justice More Appropriate in Dealing With Young Offenders Than Conventional Criminal Justice? 2664 Words   |  11 Pageswhilst arguing points for and against the current system and whether or not it is more appropriate in terms of dealing with youth offending. It will also define restorative justice as well as defining what is meant by conventional justice. Making clear how and why these two systems came to be a part of youth justice whilst concluding as to which if either is more appropriate in dealing with youth offending behaviour. â€Å"Restorative justice is a process whereby parties with a stake in a specific offenceRead MoreThe Everyday Is Important For Sociological Research2197 Words   |  9 Pagesresearch. Through its investigation it becomes evident how various types of social structures and institutions have an ability to influence behaviours and emotions of individuals. The sociological research of the everyday covers a diverse range of theories, as individuals live and conduct themselves by various standards, contexts, and structures (Heller, 1984, p. 3), and it is this kind of interaction that is taken for granted and thus in need of exploration. It is through the examination of the socialisationRead MoreWhat Are the Major Issues That Cause Inner City Youth to Join Gangs and Become Delinquent? Discuss Whether the New Labour Government’s Policies Have Been Effective in Solving These Issues?8138 Words   |  33 Pagessolving these issues? 2010 Project by: Alice Mutumba Student No: 05038460 CONTENTS PAGE 1. INTRODUCTION 1.1 Summary The perception that gang culture in relation to youth crime is growing in the UK is intensified by the media, it is very rare to read a daily paper these days without coming across some mention of gang related crime. In order to understand why some of the young people living in the global city join gangs it is important to have a clear definition of what a gang is and to also investigateRead MoreChildren in Conflict to the Law12401 Words   |  50 Pagesconflict with the law. Under R.A. 9344 a child who is 15 years of age at the time of the commission of offense are exempted from criminal liability, however the child shall be subjected to an intervention program provided by local social welfare development office who will determine appropriate programs and consultation with the client and to person having custody of the child. There are three types of delinquency: the first type is environment delinquent, they are usually occasional law breakers

Essay about John F. Kennedy´s Effective Use of Words

Within our nation’s history, former president John F. Kennedy is known best as being one of the most acknowledged political figures. Despite the few questionable decisions made during his regime, Kennedy maintained his reputation as one of the most highly regarded presidents, according to the public. His extensive amount of popularity among the Americans both during his term as president and in current times is recognized in his unique but effective use of his words. With the use of his optimistic yet appealing rhetorical style, Kennedy was able to connect with his people on a more personal level that no other president has ever been able to duplicate. In John F. Kennedy’s speech to the press on April 10, he attempted to†¦show more content†¦The undeniable concrete details used made everything he said so much more reliable and supported the main point he was attempting to get across. In addition to these adequate examples, Kennedy incorporates ethos by citing h is sources of the given statistics. He gives names of people of power such as Secretary Mcnamara, the United States Secretary of Defense from 1961 to 1968, and the acting Commissioner of the Bureau of Labor Statistics. His argument is further validated with this use of ethos by assuring his audience that they can trust his every word. In almost every sentence, Kennedy uses words which bring unity and coherence between him and his audience. Simple uses of â€Å"us†, â€Å"America†, and â€Å"union† allow others to see the amount of pride he has in his country. This vital strategy also brings him closer to his people which leads to them agreeing with what he had to say and pushes them away from the choices the steel companies have made. Again, further validating his statement between him and his people. It is inevitable that president John F. Kennedy was one of the greatest speakers when it came to the use of rhetorical strategies. He knew how to manipulate his au dience’s opinion in a matter of a few words, a talent that not many were able to obtain. UsingShow MoreRelatedAnalysis Of John F. Kennedy1589 Words   |  7 Pages History Project John F. Kennedy was one of the most dynamic and inspiring presidents the country would ever know of. His leadership was impeccable and he motivated people by his charm and charisma. He had several qualities that made him so applauded by people. One of these qualities is the quality of his speech that made him the hero of the country. Not just his country was enchanted with his speeches but also the whole world felt a lot of connection with the words Kennedy spoke. Speech is oneRead MoreThe Speech Preparation of J.F.K. Essay1278 Words   |  6 PagesK. From the first moments of his presidency, John F. Kennedy evoked a strong sense of security and spirit of idealism in the American public. He reassured the citizens of their nations strengths, and by declaring one of historys most famous questions, inspired them to better serve their country. The charismatic, young president dazzled the world not only with his physical poise and eloquence, but also with his simple, yet intense, use of rhetoric and voice. Identified by a fervent deliveryRead MorePresident John F. Kennedy1746 Words   |  7 PagesWhen a president is able to effectively use the power of rhetoric to move citizens to aspire to achieve the seemingly impossible, this president is able to transcend the limitations of the executive office itself. President John F Kennedy was masterful at this skill and the words he spoke and the dreams he invited us to share are as powerful today as they ever were. Our cultural memory of John F. Kennedy was shaped within a very narrow time frame. Kennedy, born in 1917, was only forty-six yearsRead MoreThe Leadership Styles And Behavioral Analysis1687 Words   |  7 Pagesthe future† -John F. Kennedy, 35th US President. This paper describes about the Leadership styles and Behavioral analysis of former U.S. president John F. Kennedy. Elected in 1960 as the 35th president of the United States, John F. Kennedy was the youngest man to hold that office. He was born on May 29, 1917, in Brookline, Massachusetts to Joseph P. Kennedy, a self-made multimillionaire who led the Exchange commission and securities under Franklin D. Roosevelt and Rose Fitzgerald Kennedy. He parlayedRead MoreRhetorical Analysis Of John F. Kennedys Call To Action936 Words   |  4 PagesThe 1960’s was a period of America enriched of political and social tension that included issues regarding the Cold War, the Civil Rights Movement the Vietnam War, race, gender, the Vietnam war, and sexual orientation. During this era, the Baby Boomer generation sought out to challenge the status quo of the current government policy by protesting against these issues. From hippies to teddy boys, they opposed the existing conditions in the United States that have emerged as contentious reasons toRead MoreAmerican Hope And Nationalism : John F. Kennedy s In augural Address1584 Words   |  7 Pages Revival of American Hope and Nationalism : John F. Kennedy’s Inaugural Address, 1961 Leading up to the election of 1960, the United States was in a state of utter disarray. Like a pandemic disease, hysteria impetuously swept across the country on an unprecedented scale. The root of the mania stemmed from the unresolved disagreements between Soviet Russia and the U.S. immediately after the disassembly of Adolf Hitler’s Third Reich in World War II. As disputes intensified, the two most powerfulRead MoreRhetorical Analysis Of Jfk Inaugural Address829 Words   |  4 PagesOne of the most influential presidents in United States history, John F. Kennedy was a brilliant politician and public speaker. In his inaugural address, he sparked hope around the world by discussing the hardships faced by all of society in the present time and then leaving them with a message of freedom, power, and hope. This measure of impact is not achieved easily; Kennedy masterfully utilized the art of rhetoric to emphasize his message and win the hearts of his people. In the middle of t heRead MoreDwight D. Eisenhower s Speech1426 Words   |  6 Pageswarnings about the future. Firstly, I will examine the effectiveness of Eisenhower s speech.  Ã‚   I found his speech to be well-written, it held my attention and gave a clear message to protect the future of the nation and its resources. I define a well written speech as one that can keep an audience listening and wanting more. An effective speech must also have a clear message, and not contradict itself. Eisenhower s speech concluded his second term as President on a good note, and it gave the nationRead MoreInspirational Tools Of An Inspiration Leader1531 Words   |  7 PagesIntro On January 20, 1961, President John F. Kennedy was sworn into office and delivered one of the most famous and remembered inaugural addresses in U.S. history. Kennedy was motivated to calm fears about the rise of Soviet power during the 1950`s. With his elaborated speech he called upon American citizens to act in support of their government. The motivation for American citizens to defend freedom and democracy introduced a challenge and an opportunity for Kennedy with his tactics for presidency.Read MoreSoon After World War Ii Ended, The United States Of America1782 Words   |  8 Pagesof Space Exploration, 2009). On July 20 of 1969 the U.S.A.’s Apollo 11 mission was successful in ending the Space Race after landing on the moon (Timeline of Space Exploration, 2009). The first lunar landing is one of the most important events in modern human history, because it redefined the boundaries of the universe for humans by extending them to the vastness of space. I analyzed three dif ferent sources on the topic: President John F. Kennedy’s speech to Congress, â€Å"Why We Need to Remember the

Apush 1989 Dbq Essay - 1320 Words

Booker T. Washington and W.E.B. Du Bois offered different strategies for dealing with the problems of poverty and discrimination faced by Black Americans at the end of the nineteenth and the beginning of the twentieth centuries. Using the documents and your knowledge of the period 1877-1915, assess the appropriateness of each of these strategies in the historical context in which each was developed. In reference to the years between 1877 and 1915, I assessed that, based on between each of these strategies, Booker T. Washington’s approach was more appropriate during the time period between 1877 and 1915 than W.E.B. Du Boise’s strategy, for the simple fact that while his strategy would take longer to accomplish deal with the†¦show more content†¦Viewing â€Å"School Enrollment Graph† in (Doc A), it is apparent that W.E.B Du Boise’s strategy for reducing discrimination in schools would not have worked, if it were not for the fact that there simple were not enough people willing to teach black students. Although there were a few black teachers educating young black American’s, it was still not enough to turn the tides of discrimination until a later date. Many people in this time period are just not ready to accept the education of blacks in school. It goes against the values and traditions they were taught. An appropriate reference is tha t of the talented tenth. The talented tenth was a phrase used by W.E.B. Du Boise to express the possibility that only one out of ten in the black population would one day leaders of the black race. He believed that only through education that this one tenth would one day accomplish this. However, Booker T. Washington’s approach was much more silent and effective. In the Atlanta compromise, Booker T. Washington agrees with southern white leaders for black people to, not promote suffrage for their people, protest against discrimination, all while only getting just basic education, such as training to be a factory worker. The drastic increase in black Americans being enrolled in school in 1895 is due to the Atlanta compromise. This proves that Booker T. Washington’s approach, while cumbersome, was highly effective in comparison to black education

Challenge and Response to Body Integrity System

Question: Discuss about the Challenge and Response to Body Integrity System. Answer: Introduction: The reception of pain in the peripheral nervous system to the perception of the same in the brain, and the corresponding generation of response behaviours, is achieved through several pathways. These different nociceptive pathways kick-off in a similar manner in which a pain signal coming from the skin, for instance, travels up a sensory nerve fibre made up of axons of the spinal ganglion. The axons then enter the spinal cord, upon which they immediately divide into the upward and downward segments of the spinal cord (Purves, 2012; Hughes, 2008). There are five phases that make up the pain pathway, first, it is transduction of pain at the receptors, the second phase is signal conduction at peripheral nerves, and modulation at the spinal cord level. These steps are further succeeded by descending inhibition and perception at the supra spinal sites. Transduction of pain begins when nociceptors respond to noxious stimuli which may be as a result of damage and inflammation attributes to trauma or infection (Siegel, 2006). Nociceptors are available in both visceral (skin, bones, muscles and joints) and somatic structures (visceral organs). Pain transmission occurs in three phases. The first phase is the transmission of the impulse from the transduction site to the spinal cord, followed by the transmission from the spinal cord to the brain stem, and lastly transmission through connections between the thalamus, cortex and higher brain levels. Perception of pain is where pain becomes a conscious multidimensional experience with compo nents such as emotions and behaviours. Pain modulation involves altering or obstructing transmission of the impulses through in the spinal cord. Modulation is effected by the descending modulatory pain pathways (DMPP) which play both excitatory or inhibition roles (Moffat Rae, 2011; Farquhar-smith, 2008; Hudspith, 2016). Morphine is an opioid drug that binds to opioid receptors. Molecular signalling of these receptors activates a wide range of actions. Generally, these actions are meant to make cell membranes less excitable and also initiate suppression of actions of pathways that control blood pressure, breathing and heart rate. Morphine receptors may include Mu receptors of the thalamus and the brainstem. Stimulation of mu receptors translate into pain relief and sedation. Another class of receptors is the kappa receptor of the limbic system, spinal cord, and the brain stem. Activation of this receptors also causes sedation and pain relief. The delta receptor, on the other hand, is abundant in the brain, spinal cord, and digestive tract. Stimulation of the delta receptor produces in both analgesic and antidepressant effects (McGavock, 2011). Despite morphine being relatively selective for the mu receptor, it interacts with other opioid receptors when at high concentrations. Morphine as an opioid produces analgesia by acting at several levels of the nervous system through two actions. The first action is by inhibiting the release of neurotransmitter from the primary efferent terminals in the spinal cord. The other action is by activating the descending inhibitory controls of the midbrain. Morphine inhibits neurotransmitter release by directly affecting the entry of calcium ions, and secondly, by indirectly reducing repolarisation time and the duration of the action potential (McGavock, 2011; Workman LaCharity, 2015). Through the stimulation of the different receptors, morphine provides relief from physical pain through analgesia, euphoria, and pain modulation. References Farquhar-smith, W. P. (2008). Anatomy, physiology and pharmacology of pain. Anaesthesia Intensive Care Medicine, 3-7. Hudspith, M. J. (2016). Anatomy, physiology and pharmacology of pain. Anaesthesia Intensive Care Medicine, 425-430. Hughes, J. (2008). Pain Management: From Basics to Clinical Practice. New York: Elsevier Health Sciences. McGavock, H. (2011). How drugs work : basic pharmacology for healthcare professionals. London: Radcliffe Pub. Moffat, R., Rae, C. P. (2011). Anatomy, physiology and pharmacology of pain. Anaesthesia Intensive Care Medicine, 12-15. Purves, D. (2012). Neuroscience. Massachusetts: Sinauer Associates. Siegel, G. J. (2006). Basic neurochemistry : molecular, cellular and medical aspects. New York: Elsevier. Workman, M. L., LaCharity, L. A. (2015). Understanding pharmacology : essentials for medication safety. New York: Elsevier Health Science.